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米国の州

で米国、状態があり、構成 政治的実体で、現在50バウンド一緒に存在し、そのうちの政治同盟は、各状態は保持している政府のそれはその共有別々と定義された地理的な領土を管轄主権と連邦政府を。この共有された主権のために、アメリカ人は連邦共和国と彼らが住んでいる州の両方の市民です。[3]州の市民権と居住は柔軟であり、政府の承認は必要ありません。特定の種類の裁判所命令によって制限されている人（仮釈放された囚人や、親権を共有している離婚した配偶者の子供など）を除いて、州間を移動します。

状態
  • としても知られている：
  • 連邦
    （4つの州の自己指定）
white.svgという名前の米国の州の地図
カテゴリー連邦州
ロケーションアメリカ
数50
人口最小：ワイオミング、576,851
最大：カリフォルニア、39,538,223 [1]
エリア最小：ロードアイランド、1,545平方マイル（4,000 km 2）
最大：アラスカ、665,384平方マイル（1,723,340 km 2）[2]
政府
  • 州政府
細分化
  • 郡（または同等のもの）

州政府は、個々の憲法を通じて（それぞれの州の）国民によって権力を割り当てられています。すべてがに接地されている共和制の原則、および各政府のために提供し、3つのブランチ、各からなる別個の独立した権限：エグゼクティブ、立法、および司法。[4]州は郡または郡に相当するものに分けられ、地方政府の権限が割り当てられている場合がありますが、主権はありません。郡または郡に相当する構造は州によって大きく異なり、州は他の地方自治体も作成します。

米国の領土とは異なり、州は米国憲法の下で多くの権限と権利を持っています。州とその市民は、上院と下院で構成される二院制の立法府である米国議会に代表されます。各州はまた、米国大統領を直接選出する組織である選挙人団に投票するために、選挙人の数（その州の代表者と上院議員の総数に等しい）を選択する権利があります。さらに、各州には憲法改正を批准する機会があり、議会の同意を得て、2つ以上の州が互いに州間協定を結ぶことができます。各州の警察権も認められています。

歴史的に、地方の法執行、公教育、公衆衛生、州内商取引の規制、地方の交通機関とインフラストラクチャ、および地方、州、連邦の選挙のタスクは、一般的に主に州の責任と見なされてきましたが、重要な連邦資金と規制も同様です。時が経つにつれて、憲法は改正され、その規定の解釈と適用は変更されました。一般的な傾向は中央集権化と法人化に向かっており、連邦政府はかつてよりもはるかに大きな役割を果たしています。以上の継続的な議論があるの権利州、連邦政府と個人の権利との関係で力と主権程度や状態の性質に関する、が。

憲法は議会に新しい州を連邦に認める権限を与えています。1776年に13植民地によってアメリカ合衆国が設立されて以来、州の数は元の13州から50州に拡大しました。新しい州はそれぞれ、既存の州と対等な立場で認められています。[5]憲法は、州が連合から脱退（撤退）する権限を持っているかどうかの問題について沈黙している。南北戦争の直後、テキサス対ホワイトの合衆国最高裁判所は、州が一方的にそうすることはできないと判示した。[6] [7]

アメリカ合衆国の州

米国の50州、アルファベット順、各州の旗：

  •  アラバマ
  •  アラスカ
  •  アリゾナ
  •  アーカンソー
  •  カリフォルニア
  •  コロラド
  •  コネチカット
  •  デラウェア
  •  フロリダ
  •  ジョージア
  •  ハワイ
  •  アイダホ
  •  イリノイ
  •  インディアナ
  •  アイオワ
  •  カンザス
  •  ケンタッキー
  •  ルイジアナ
  •  メイン
  •  メリーランド
  •  マサチューセッツ
  •  ミシガン
  •  ミネソタ
  •  ミシシッピ
  •  ミズーリ
  •  モンタナ
  •  ネブラスカ
  •  ネバダ
  •  ニューハンプシャー
  •  ニュージャージー
  •  ニューメキシコ
  •  ニューヨーク
  •  ノースカロライナ州
  •  ノースダコタ
  •  オハイオ
  •  オクラホマ
  •  オレゴン
  •  ペンシルベニア
  •  ロードアイランド
  •  サウスカロライナ
  •  サウス・ダコタ
  •  テネシー
  •  テキサス
  •  ユタ
  •  バーモント
  •  バージニア
  •  ワシントン
  •  ウェストバージニア
  •  ウィスコンシン
  •  ワイオミング


Map of USA with state names 2.svg

バックグラウンド

13の元の州は、リー決議案[8]に同意し、アメリカ独立宣言に署名した後、アメリカ独立戦争中の1776年7月に13植民地の後継者として誕生しました。[9]これらの出来事の前は、各州はイギリスの植民地でした。[8]その後、それぞれが1777年から1781年の間に最初の合衆国憲法である連合規約を批准すると、最初の州連合に加わった。[10] [11]また、この期間中に、新しく独立した州は、世界で最も初期の書面による憲法の中で、独自の州憲法を開発しました。[12]詳細は異なるが、これらの州憲法は、アメリカの憲法秩序において重要となる特徴を共有していた。それらは共和党の形態であり、3つの支部の間で権力を分離し、ほとんどが二院制の議会を持ち、声明または法案を含んでいた。権利。[13]その後、1787年から1790年にかけて、各州は合衆国憲法における新しい連邦政府の枠組みも批准した。[14]州に関連して、合衆国憲法は連邦主義の概念を詳しく述べた。[15]

政府

州は、連邦法、連邦行政措置、または連邦憲法によってその権限と責任が上から割り当てられていないため、米国の単なる行政区画ではありません。[要出典]したがって、50州のそれぞれは、国民が適切と見なす方法で（米国憲法によって設定された幅広いパラメータの範囲内で）個々の政府を組織し、委任されていない政府のすべての権限を行使する権利を留保します。憲法による連邦政府。[16]連邦政府とは異なり、州には列挙されていない警察権があります。これは、一般に、国民の福祉に必要なすべての法律を制定する権利です。[17]その結果、さまざまな州の政府は多くの同様の特徴を共有していますが、それらはしばしば形態と実体に関して大きく異なります。2つの州政府が同一であるということはありません。

憲法

各州の政府は、その個々の憲法に従って構成されています。これらの文書の多くは、連邦政府の文書よりも詳細で精巧です。アラバマ州の憲法は、米国の憲法のように多くのように40倍以上- 、例えば、310296個の単語が含まれています。[18]実際には、各州は、行政、立法、司法の3つの政府の枠組みを採用しています（そうする必要はありませんでしたが）。[18] [19]

初期のアメリカの歴史の中で、4州政府は、自己識別ように選択することによって、彼らの最初の憲法では他人から自分自身を区別Commonwealthsではなくとしての状態：バージニア州を、1776年; [20] ペンシルベニア、1777年。マサチューセッツ、1780年; そしてケンタッキーはこれら4つの他の州のような状態がある一方で用語が憲法に含まれているため、結果的に1792年に、それぞれが正式に連邦です。[21]という用語は、連邦を指し、最高パワーを人に帰属された状態は、最初に使用したバージニア中Interregnumの統治の間に1649年から1660年の期間チャールズIとチャールズIIれる議会の間に護国卿としてのオリバー・クロムウェルは、イングランド共和国として知られる共和国政府を設立しました。バージニアは1660年に再び直轄植民地になり、その言葉は完全な称号から削除されました。1776年に再導入されるまで使用されていませんでした。[20]

エグゼクティブ

それぞれの状態では、最高経営責任者を兼ねて知事、と呼ばれる国家元首と政府の頭。すべての知事は直接選挙によって選ばれます。州知事は、州議会で可決された法案を承認または拒否するだけでなく、通常は政党によって支持されている法案の可決を推奨し、これに取り組むことができます。44の州では、知事はラインアイテムの拒否権を持っています。[22]ほとんどの州が持っている複数の幹部を知事がその責任の状態で唯一の役人ではないことを意味し、行政府。これらの州では、行政権は、副知事、司法長官、会計監査役、国務長官など、知事とは独立した人々によって選出された他の公務員に分配されます[23]。

19の州の憲法は、市民が国民解職を通じて任期が終了する前に、選出された公務員を解任および交代させることを認めています。[24]各州は、国民解職の独自の手順に従い、総選挙の頻度と直後に開催される可能性のある独自の制限を設定します。すべての州で、立法府は、州知事を含む州の行政機関の役人を解任することができます。その過程には、弾劾（特定の告発の提起）と、立法者が陪審員として行動する裁判が含まれます。[24]

立法

州議会の主な責任は、州法と公共政策の管理のための適切な資金を制定することです。[22]すべての州で、州知事が法案（またはその一部）を拒否した場合でも、州議会が拒否権を無効にする（法案を再通過する）と、法案になる可能性があります。ほとんどの州では、それぞれに3分の2の投票が必要です。チャンバー。[22] 50州のうち49州では、議会は2つの議院で構成されている。下院（下院、州議会、総会、または下院と呼ばれる）と、上院と呼ばれるすべての州の小さな上院である。例外は一院制の ネブラスカ州議会で、これには単一の部屋しかありません。[25]ほとんどの州には非常勤の立法府があります（伝統的に市民立法府と呼ばれています）。10の州議会がフルタイムと見なされます。これらの機関は、他の機関よりも米国議会に似ています。[26]

各州の立法府のメンバーは、直接選挙によって選ばれます。ではベーカーV。カー（1962）とレイノルズ対シムズを（1964）、米国最高裁判所は、すべての状態は、各市民に表現の同程度（余裕がするように彼らの議会を選出する必要があると判示し、1人を一人一票基準）。実際には、ほとんどの州は、それぞれがほぼ同じ人口を持つ小選挙区から議員を選出します。メリーランド州やバーモント州などの一部の州では、州を単一メンバー地区と複数メンバー地区に分割しています。この場合、複数メンバー地区の人口は比例して大きくなる必要があります。たとえば、2人の代表を選出する地区は、地区の人口の約2倍である必要があります。 1つだけ選ぶ。投票システム全国の使用は、以下のとおりです。最初過去ポスト単一メンバーの地区で、かつ複数の非譲渡票マルチメンバー地区インチ

2013年には、50の州議会に合計7,383人の議員がいました。彼らは年間0ドル（ニューメキシコ）から90,526ドル（カリフォルニア）まで稼いだ。日当やマイレージの補償はいろいろありました。[27]

司法

州はまた、手続き上の適正手続きに対する市民の連邦憲法上の権利を保護する限り、連邦司法とは異なる方法で司法制度を組織することができます。ほとんどの裁判所には、一般に地方裁判所、上級裁判所または巡回裁判所と呼ばれる裁判レベルの裁判所、一般に控訴裁判所と呼ばれる第1レベルの控訴裁判所、および最高裁判所があります。ただし、オクラホマ州とテキサス州には、刑事上訴のために別々の最高裁判所があります。ニューヨーク州では、第一審裁判所は最高裁判所と呼ばれています。その後、控訴は最高裁判所の上訴部に送られ、そこから控訴裁判所に送られます。

州裁判所制度は、一般裁判所に幅広い管轄権を与えます。米国の刑事および民事事件の圧倒的多数は州裁判所で審理されています。州裁判所に提出される訴訟の年間数は約30,000,000であり、州裁判所の裁判官の数は約30,000です。これに対して、連邦裁判所は約1,000,000の裁判官を含む約1,000,000の訴訟を確認しています。[28]

ほとんどの州は、法制度の大部分をフランスの民法から引き出している元フランスの植民地であるルイジアナを除いて、英国のコモンローに基づいて法制度を構築しています（実質的な先住民の変更と特定の民法の革新の組み込みを含む）。

州の裁判所の裁判官に生涯の任期を務めさせることを選択した州はごくわずかです。ほとんどの州では、州の最高裁判所の裁判官を含む裁判官は、限られた年数の任期で選出または任命され、通常、再選または再任命の資格があります。

単一システムとしての状態

すべての州は単一政府であり、連邦または地方政府の集合体ではありません。その中の地方政府は州法によって作成され、州法によって存在し、各州内の地方政府はその特定の州の中央当局の対象となります。州政府は通常、一部の権限を地方自治体に委任し、政策決定を実施のために地方自治体に委ねています。[29]いくつかの州では、政府の現地単位は度を許可されているホームルールの様々な事柄オーバー。ディロンの法則と呼ばれる、地方政府に対する州の卓越性に関する一般的な法理論は、次のように述べています。

地方自治体は、以下の権限を所有し、行使することができますが、他の権限はありません。第二に、明示的に付与された権限に必然的に暗示される、または必然的に付随するもの。第三に、企業の宣言された目的と目的に絶対に不可欠なもの-単に便利であるだけでなく不可欠です。第四に、権力の存在に関する公正な疑念は、権力の存在に対して、企業に対する裁判所によって解決されます。[30]

各州は、地方自治体に許可する権限を独自に定義しています。一般に、4つのカテゴリの権限が地域の管轄区域に与えられます。

  • 構造的–政府の形態を選択し、憲章を制定し、憲章の改訂を制定する権限、
  • 機能的–広範囲または限定的な方法で地方自治を行使する力、
  • 財政–収入源を決定し、税率を設定し、資金を借り、その他の関連する財務活動を行う権限、
  • 人員–雇用規則、報酬率、雇用条件、団体交渉を設定する権限。[31]

関係

州間

1789年以来、議会によって連邦に承認された各州は、すべての点で元の州と対等な立場で連邦に加盟しました。[32]前哨戦期間中の州の権限擁護の拡大に伴い、最高裁判所は、ポラード対ハーガンの借地（1845）で、憲法が平等に基づいて新しい州の承認を義務付けていると主張した。[33]議会の同意を得て、州は州間コンパクト、2つ以上の州間の協定を結ぶことができる。コンパクトは、交通インフラや水利権などの共有リソースを管理するために頻繁に使用されます。[34]

下では、憲法の条IV状態との関係を概説し、それぞれの状態を与えるために必要とされる十分な信頼と信用を一般的に、ほとんどの契約と、刑事判決の認識が含まれるように保持されている互いの議会や裁判所の行為に、そして1865年以前は奴隷制の状態でした。引き渡し条項に基づき、州は、他の州が要求する場合、他の州で「反逆罪、重罪、またはその他の犯罪」の罪で逃亡した人々を引き渡さなければなりません。推定される重罪の熱心な追跡と、ある州の法務官による別の州の法務官による逮捕の原則は、州によって許可されることがよくあります。[35]

The full faith and credit expectation does have exceptions, some legal arrangements, such as professional licensure and marriages, may be state-specific, and until recently states have not been found by the courts to be required to honor such arrangements from other states.[36] Such legal acts are nevertheless often recognized state-to-state according to the common practice of comity. States are prohibited from discriminating against citizens of other states with respect to their basic rights, under the Privileges and Immunities Clause.

With the federal government

Under Article IV, each state is guaranteed a form of government that is grounded in republican principles, such as the consent of the governed.[37] This guarantee has long been at the fore-front of the debate about the rights of citizens vis-à-vis the government. States are also guaranteed protection from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. This provision was discussed during the 1967 Detroit riot, but was not invoked.

The Supremacy Clause (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the supreme law of the land.[38] It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law; in case of conflict between federal and state law, the federal law must be applied. Even state constitutions are subordinate to federal law.[39]

States' rights are understood mainly with reference to the Tenth Amendment. The Constitution delegates some powers to the national government, and it forbids some powers to the states. The Tenth Amendment reserves all other powers to the states, or to the people. Powers of the U.S. Congress are enumerated in Article I, Section 8, for example, the power to declare war. Making treaties is one power forbidden to the states, being listed among other such powers in Article I, Section 10.

Among the Article I enumerated powers of Congress is the power to regulate Commerce. Since the early 20th century, the Supreme Court's interpretation of this "Commerce Clause" has, over time, greatly expanded scope of federal power, at the expense of powers formerly considered purely states' matters. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States says, "On the whole, especially after the mid-1880s, the Court construed the Commerce Clause in favor of increased federal power."[40] In 1941, the Supreme Court in U.S. v. Darby upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions.[41] Then, one year later, in Wickard v. Filburn, the Court expanded federal power to regulate the economy by holding that federal authority under the commerce clause extends to activities which may appear to be local in nature but in reality effect the entire national economy and are therefore of national concern.[42] For example, Congress can regulate railway traffic across state lines, but it may also regulate rail traffic solely within a state, based on the reality that intrastate traffic still affects interstate commerce. Through such decisions, argues law professor David F. Forte, "the Court turned the commerce power into the equivalent of a general regulatory power and undid the Framers' original structure of limited and delegated powers." Subsequently, Congress invoked the Commerce Clause to expand federal criminal legislation, as well as for social reforms such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Only within the past couple of decades, through decisions in cases such as those in U.S. v. Lopez (1995) and U.S. v. Morrison (2000), has the Court tried to limit the Commerce Clause power of Congress.[43]

Another enumerated congressional power is its taxing and spending power.[44] An example of this is the system of federal aid for highways, which include the Interstate Highway System. The system is mandated and largely funded by the federal government, and also serves the interests of the states. By threatening to withhold federal highway funds, Congress has been able to pressure state legislatures to pass a variety of laws.[citation needed] An example is the nationwide legal drinking age of 21, enacted by each state, brought about by the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Although some objected that this infringes on states' rights, the Supreme Court upheld the practice as a permissible use of the Constitution's Spending Clause in South Dakota v. Dole 483 U.S. 203 (1987).

As prescribed by Article I of the Constitution, which establishes the U.S. Congress, each state is represented in the Senate (irrespective of population size) by two senators, and each is guaranteed at least one representative in the House. Both senators and representatives are chosen in direct popular elections in the various states. (Prior to 1913, senators were elected by state legislatures.) There are presently 100 senators, who are elected at-large to staggered terms of six years, with one-third of them being chosen every two years. Representatives are elected at-large or from single-member districts to terms of two years (not staggered). The size of the House—presently 435 voting members—is set by federal statute. Seats in the House are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census.[45] The borders of these districts are established by the states individually through a process called redistricting, and within each state all districts are required to have approximately equal populations.[46]

Citizens in each state plus those in the District of Columbia indirectly elect the president and vice president. When casting ballots in presidential elections they are voting for presidential electors, who then, using procedures provided in the 12th amendment, elect the president and vice president.[47] There were 538 electors for the most recent presidential election in 2020; the allocation of electoral votes was based on the 2010 census.[48] Each state is entitled to a number of electors equal to the total number of representatives and senators from that state; the District of Columbia is entitled to three electors.[49]

While the Constitution does set parameters for the election of federal officials, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of elections in the U.S., including: primaries, the eligibility of voters (beyond the basic constitutional definition), the running of each state's electoral college, as well as the running of state and local elections. All elections—federal, state and local—are administered by the individual states, and some voting rules and procedures may differ among them.[50]

Article V of the Constitution accords states a key role in the process of amending the U.S. Constitution. Amendments may be proposed either by Congress with a two-thirds vote in both the House and the Senate, or by a constitutional convention called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures.[51] To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by either—as determined by Congress—the legislatures of three-quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three-quarters of the states.[52] The vote in each state (to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment) carries equal weight, regardless of a state's population or length of time in the Union.

連合への入場

U.S. states by date of statehood:
  1776–1790    1791–1796
  1803–1819    1820–1837
  1845–1859    1861–1876
  1889–1896    1907–1912
  1959
The order in which the original 13 states ratified the Constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the Union

Article IV also grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.[33] Article IV also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress. This caveat was designed to give Eastern states that still had Western land claims (including Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia), to have a veto over whether their western counties could become states,[32] and has served this same function since, whenever a proposal to partition an existing state or states in order that a region within might either join another state or to create a new state has come before Congress.

Most of the states admitted to the Union after the original 13 were formed from an organized territory established and governed by Congress in accord with its plenary power under Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2.[53] The outline for this process was established by the Northwest Ordinance (1787), which predates the ratification of the Constitution. In some cases, an entire territory has become a state; in others some part of a territory has.

When the people of a territory make their desire for statehood known to the federal government, Congress may pass an enabling act authorizing the people of that territory to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution as a step towards admission to the Union. Each act details the mechanism by which the territory will be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers. Although the use of an enabling act is a traditional historic practice, a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted. Upon acceptance of that constitution, and upon meeting any additional Congressional stipulations, Congress has always admitted that territory as a state.

In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states were never an organized territory of the federal government, or part of one, before being admitted to the Union. Three were set off from an already existing state, two entered the Union after having been sovereign states, and one was established from unorganized territory:

  • California, 1850, from land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.[54][55][56]
  • Kentucky, 1792, from Virginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties)[54][55][57]
  • Maine, 1820, from Massachusetts (District of Maine)[54][55][57]
  • Texas, 1845, previously the Republic of Texas[54][55][58]
  • Vermont, 1791, previously the Vermont Republic (also known as the New Hampshire Grants and claimed by New York)[54][55][59]
  • West Virginia, 1863, from Virginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties) during the Civil War[55][57][60]

Congress is under no obligation to admit states, even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood. Such has been the case numerous times during the nation's history. In one instance, Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849. It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress. In another, leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) in Indian Territory proposed to establish the state of Sequoyah in 1905, as a means to retain control of their lands.[61] The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress. Instead, the Indian Territory, along with Oklahoma Territory were both incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907. The first instance occurred while the nation still operated under the Articles of Confederation. The State of Franklin existed for several years, not long after the end of the American Revolution, but was never recognized by the Confederation Congress, which ultimately recognized North Carolina's claim of sovereignty over the area. The territory comprising Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory, and ultimately of the state of Tennessee.

Additionally, the entry of several states into the Union was delayed due to distinctive complicating factors. Among them, Michigan Territory, which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835, was not admitted to the Union until 1837, due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio. The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837, but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years.[62] Statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years (1854–61) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions. West Virginia's bid for statehood was also delayed over slavery, and was settled when it agreed to adopt a gradual abolition plan.[63]

考えられる新しい状態

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico, an unincorporated U.S. territory, refers to itself as the "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" in the English version of its constitution, and as "Estado Libre Asociado" (literally, Associated Free State) in the Spanish version. As with all U.S. territories, its residents do not have full representation in the United States Congress. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. House of Representatives in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a delegate with limited voting rights in the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, but no voting rights otherwise.[64]

A non-binding referendum on statehood, independence, or a new option for an associated territory (different from the current status) was held on November 6, 2012. Sixty one percent (61%) of voters chose the statehood option, while one third of the ballots were submitted blank.[65][66]

On December 11, 2012, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico, held on November 6, 2012, to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State.[67]

Another status referendum was held on June 11, 2017, in which 97% percent of voters chose statehood. Turnout was low, as only 23% of voters went to the polls, with advocates of both continued territorial status and independence urging voters to boycott it.[68]

On June 27, 2018, the H.R. 6246 Act was introduced on the U.S. House with the purpose of respond to, and comply with, the democratic will of the United States citizens residing in Puerto Rico as expressed in the plebiscites held on November 6, 2012, and June 11, 2017, by setting forth the terms for the admission of the territory of Puerto Rico as a State of the Union.[69] The act has 37 original cosponsors between Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives.[70]

On November 3, 2020, Puerto Rico held another referendum. In the non-binding referendum, Puerto Ricans voted in favor of becoming a state. They also voted for a pro-statehood governor, Pedro Pierluisi.[71]

Washington, D.C.

The intention of the Founding Fathers was that the United States capital should be at a neutral site, not giving favor to any existing state; as a result, the District of Columbia was created in 1800 to serve as the seat of government. As it is not a state, the district does not have representation in the Senate and has a non-voting delegate in the House; neither does it have a sovereign elected government. Additionally, prior to ratification of the 23rd Amendment in 1961, district citizens did not get the right to vote in Presidential elections.

Some residents of the District support statehood of some form for that jurisdiction – either statehood for the whole district or for the inhabited part, with the remainder remaining under federal jurisdiction. In November 2016, Washington, D.C. residents voted in a statehood referendum in which 86% of voters supported statehood for Washington, D.C.[72] For statehood to be achieved, it must be approved by Congress.[73]

Others

Other possible new states are Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, either the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands or American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could seek statehood.

連合からの離脱

The Constitution is silent on the issue of whether a state can secede from the Union. Its predecessor, the Articles of Confederation, stated that the United States "shall be perpetual." The question of whether or not individual states held the unilateral right to secession was a passionately debated feature of the nations's political discourse from early in its history, and remained a difficult and divisive topic until the American Civil War. In 1860 and 1861, 11 southern states each declared secession from the United States, and joined together to form the Confederate States of America (CSA). Following the defeat of Confederate forces by Union armies in 1865, those states were brought back into the Union during the ensuing Reconstruction Era. The federal government never recognized the sovereignty of the CSA, nor the validity of the ordinances of secession adopted by the seceding states.[6][74]

Following the war, the United States Supreme Court, in Texas v. White (1869), held that states did not have the right to secede and that any act of secession was legally void. Drawing on the Preamble to the Constitution, which states that the Constitution was intended to "form a more perfect union" and speaks of the people of the United States in effect as a single body politic, as well as the language of the Articles of Confederation, the Supreme Court maintained that states did not have a right to secede. However, the court's reference in the same decision to the possibility of such changes occurring "through revolution, or through consent of the States," essentially means that this decision holds that no state has a right to unilaterally decide to leave the Union.[6][74]

州の名前の由来

A map showing the source languages of state names

The 50 states have taken their names from a wide variety of languages. Twenty-four state names originate from Native American languages. Of these, eight are from Algonquian languages, seven are from Siouan languages, three are from Iroquoian languages, one is from Uto-Aztecan languages and five others are from other indigenous languages. Hawaii's name is derived from the Polynesian Hawaiian language.

Of the remaining names, 22 are from European languages. Seven are from Latin (mainly Latinized forms of English names) and the rest are from English, Spanish and French. Eleven states are named after individual people, including seven named for royalty and one named after a President of the United States. The origins of six state names are unknown or disputed. Several of the states that derive their names from (corrupted) names used for Native peoples have retained the plural ending of "s".

地理

Borders

The borders of the 13 original states were largely determined by colonial charters. Their western boundaries were subsequently modified as the states ceded their western land claims to the Federal government during the 1780s and 1790s. Many state borders beyond those of the original 13 were set by Congress as it created territories, divided them, and over time, created states within them. Territorial and new state lines often followed various geographic features (such as rivers or mountain range peaks), and were influenced by settlement or transportation patterns. At various times, national borders with territories formerly controlled by other countries (British North America, New France, New Spain including Spanish Florida, and Russian America) became institutionalized as the borders of U.S. states. In the West, relatively arbitrary straight lines following latitude and longitude often prevail, due to the sparseness of settlement west of the Mississippi River.

Once established, most state borders have, with few exceptions, been generally stable. Only two states, Missouri (Platte Purchase) and Nevada, grew appreciably after statehood. Several of the original states ceded land, over a several year period, to the Federal government, which in turn became the Northwest Territory, Southwest Territory, and Mississippi Territory. In 1791, Maryland and Virginia ceded land to create the District of Columbia (Virginia's portion was returned in 1847). In 1850, Texas ceded a large swath of land to the federal government. Additionally, Massachusetts and Virginia (on two occasions), have lost land, in each instance to form a new state.

There have been numerous other minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys, resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions, or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes.[54] Occasionally, either Congress or the U.S. Supreme Court has had to settle state border disputes. One notable example is the case New Jersey v. New York, in which New Jersey won roughly 90% of Ellis Island from New York in 1998.[75]

Regional grouping

States may be grouped in regions; there are many variations and possible groupings. Many are defined in law or regulations by the federal government. For example, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions.[76] The Census Bureau region definition (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West) is "widely used … for data collection and analysis,"[77] and is the most commonly used classification system.[78][79][80] Other multi-state regions are unofficial, and defined by geography or cultural affinity rather than by state lines.

も参照してください

  • Insular area
  • ISO 3166-2:US

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参考文献

  • Stein, Mark, How the States Got Their Shapes, New York : Smithsonian Books/Collins, 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-143138-8

外部リンク

  • Information about All States from UCB Libraries GovPubs
  • State Resource Guides, from the Library of Congress
  • Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (in order of population)
  • Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (alphabetical)
  • State and Territorial Governments on USA.gov
  • StateMaster – statistical database for U.S. states
  • 50states.com – States and Capitals
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